Taiwanese civilian perspective on ‘asymmetric warfare’ and Taiwan’s national defense strategy 台灣作戰策略中的不對稱防衛辯論 賴怡忠 思想坦克: Geostrategery and Taiwan Republic 台灣国 classrooms

美國這幾年針對不對稱有個說法,就是台灣為了戰力保存,應該在武獲過程朝向取得「小而多的東西,而非大而少的東西」(a large number of small things, not a small number of big things)。但如果回顧在2009年時任國防部助理部長的葛瑞森將軍提到台灣應走不對稱與創新時,他指出不對稱無法取代傳統軍武提供能力,但能夠降低中國對台越來越顯著的數量優勢,降低中國根據這個優勢而發展的行動效度。之後更有人提到不對稱的重點是將不對稱視為作戰/行動概念,而不是物質概念(武器的大小與多少)。從這角度看,美方對於「不對稱防衛」概念的理解也是莫衷一是,沒有清楚的操作型定義,更甭提軍事準則。如果是因應情境而不採取對稱對應的方式,顯示大家對於「什麼不是不對稱」比對於「什麼是不對稱」有較清楚的想法。那這可以表示以載台來否定其不是不對稱防衛,是否就失之武斷呢?在戰略層次上,專注於反登陸的不對稱防衛策略,根據美方部分前官員的誠懇建議,希望台灣不要將資源浪費在空防與海防上。但現在的建議是連不增加新品,就是幫既有系統換裝的作為,都不為對方所喜。當然美方也說,類似的問題也發生在美國的軍事改革上,對台灣的困境有「同情的理解」。只是台海防衛是台灣的生死大事,我要怎麼做當然是我的決定,因為是我在付代價,自然沒法對美方主張照單全收。這個無法對美方照單全收的立場,除了台海防衛是我自己的事外,也與美方對台灣防衛至今持續採「戰略模糊」有關。如果美國承諾可以在中國攻台時協助防衛台灣的空防與海防,台灣要專注在反登陸防衛自然沒什麼問題。但因為戰略模糊策略,軍方無法預判美國是否一定會來,自然其防衛策略就必須涵蓋每一個角落。雖然因此會影響整體的防衛力,但放棄某些區域防衛的結果,一定會導致中方極力攻擊這個弱點區域以擴大戰果。如果台美有類似冷戰期間美日同盟所謂的「美矛日盾、美攻日守」的角色與任務分工(roles and mission assignment),即便還不是具體的條約同盟,但肯定台灣對於以反登陸為主的不對稱防衛能更誠心接受。

This is an important summary of the debates over Taiwan’s national security strategy during the last few decades, and the role played by “asymmetric warfare.” On that term, or “porcupine strategy,” students of global affairs are wise to be cautious to separate the jargon-chasers/repeaters from the professionals with a realistic grasp of the trade-offs between different options. Dr. Lai’s essay is an additional important corrective – in a field dominated by American voices, where the civilian, non-China KMT party-state voices inside Taiwan are scarce, it is a good sign that Taiwan’s decades-long democracy is slowly penetrating the China KMT dictatorship-dominated national security arena. Dr. Lai’s paragraph on America’s strategic ambiguity and Taiwan’s inability to fully accept the American advice on asymmetric warfare is most important. To the extent that the US, Japan, and democratic allies can operationalize President Biden’s repeated expression of strategic clarity regarding Taiwan’s democratic sovereignty status quo, adopting a version of asymmetric warfare would become more likely in Taiwan.

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